Performance comparison of selected wired and wireless networks on chip architectures

In this paper we compare performance intra-core communications in network on chips.We consider two alternative architectures, wired and wireless. The wired on is based on a common bus (ring) with all the cores attached to it. We compare it to the mesh (point-to-point) architecture based on THz wireless links operating in 0.1-0.54 frequency band. Using reference latencies of inter-core communications in modern CPUs we perform an applicability assessment of considered schemes. As performance metrics of interest we consider both delay and capacity. Our results indicate that the latter architecture outperforms the former by a singificant margin. The proposed system can be realized implementing directional antennas at all cores and ensuring that cores are placed on a chip such that there is no interference between them

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal communication : impact on P-wave dispersion, duration and arrhythmia in mid-term follow-up

Background: Atrial septal communications (ASCs) include atrial septal defects (ASDs) and patent foramen ovale (PFO). Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess P-wave dispersion (PWD) and the prevalence of arrhythmia in patients before and after ASC closure. Methods: We analysed the clinical history and performed 12-lead electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and 24-h Holter electrocardiograms in patients with ASC, before and six months after ASC closure. Results: We included patients with ASD (n = 56) and PFO (n = 73). PWD before percutaneous ASC closure was predicted by right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) proximal diameter, left atrial area, ASD, smoking, and paroxysmal dyspnoea, R2 = 0.67; p < 0.001. RVOT proximal diameter was an independent predictor of PWD, both in patients with ASD and PFO. Six months after successful closure of ASC, a reduction in PWD was observed in the whole group of patients as well as in patients with ASD and PFO considered separately. A decrease in PWD was associated with reduction of maximum P-wave duration. At the same time, in the whole group, we noticed a reduction in the number of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystolic beats and fewer atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes, p < 0.04 for all variables. Postprocedural AF episodes in patients with ASD were predicted by PWD of 80 ms. Conclusions: Percutaneous closure of ASC is associated with a reduction of PWD and fewer arrhythmia episodes six months after the procedure. PWD predicts AF episodes after ASD closure

CONSTITUENT AND ANTIHYPERURICEMIC ACTIVITY OF STELECHOCARPUS BURAHOL LEAVES SUBFRACTIONS

Objective: The goal of this research was to evaluate antihyperuricemic activity of Stelechocarpus burahol leaves subfractions and isolate its chemical constituent of active subfraction.Methods: Ethyl acetate fraction from S. burahol extract was subfractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography, and the active subfractions were further subfractionated by classic column chromatography using isocratic eluent, followed by isolated chemical constituent from active subfraction. Hyperuricemic rat model was induced by given potassium oxonate intraperitoneally. The inhibitory effect of subfractions on the xanthine oxidase (XO)activity was determined using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry method.Results: Subfractions E.3, E.4, and E.5 significantly (p<0.05) reduced the serum uric acid (UA) level 43%, 46%, and 33%, respectively. The E.3, E.4, and E.5 have showed very weak XO inhibitory activity. Subfraction E.3.2 and E.4.3 significantly (p<0.05) reduced the serum UA level 29% and 38%, respectively, however still very weak effect on XO activity. Chemical constituent which was isolated from subfraction E.4.3 was kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.Conclusion: The subfractions of ethyl acetate fraction had antihyperuricemic activity in vivo but less effect on XO activity in vitro. Isolated compound in active antihyperuricemic of subfraction E.4.3 was kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.Keywords: Stelechocarpus burahol, Subfraction, Antihyperuricemic, Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside

The benefit of atrial septal defect closure in elderly patients

OBJECTIVE: Closure of an atrial septal defect in elderly patients is controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) in elderly patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a total of 488 patients with ASDs who underwent transcatheter closure, 75 patients aged over 60 years (45 female, 30 male) with a mean age of 65.3±15.7 (60–75) years were analyzed. All patients had an isolated secundum ASD with a mean pulmonary blood flow:systemic blood flow of 2.84±1.9 (1.5–3.9). Symptom-limited treadmill exercise tests with respiratory gas-exchange analysis and transthoracic color Doppler echocardiographic study, as well as quality of life measured using the Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36) were repeated in all patients before the procedure and after 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The atrial septal device was successfully implanted in all patients (procedure time 37.7±4.5 [13–59] minutes, fluoroscopy time 11.2±9.9 [6–40] minutes). There were no major complications. The defect echo diameter was 17.7±15.8 (12–30) mm. The mean balloon-stretched diameter of ASDs was 22.4±7.9 (14–34) mm. The diameter of the implanted devices ranged from 16 to 34 mm. Significant improvement of exercise capacity was noted at 6 and 12 months after the procedure. Exercise time within 6 months of ASD closure was longer (P<0.001) compared to baseline values, and also oxygen consumption increased (P<0.001). Seven quality-of-life parameters (except mental health) improved at 12-month follow-up compared to baseline data. The mean SF-36 scale increased significantly in 66 (88%) patients, with a mean of 46.2±19.1 (5–69). As early as 1 month after the procedure, a significant decrease of the right ventricular dimension and the right atrium dimension was observed (P<0.001). The right ventricular dimension decreased in 67 patients (89.3%). CONCLUSION: Closure of ASDs in elderly patients caused significant clinical and hemodynamic improvement after percutaneous treatment, which was maintained during long-term follow-up, justifying this procedure in old age

ANTIHYPERURICEMIC AND XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF FRACTIONS FROM ETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF STELECHOCARPUS BURAHOL

Objectives: The aims of the research were to evaluate antihyperuricemic and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of fractions from ethanolic leaves extract of Stelechocarpus burahol. Methods: S. burahol leaves powder was extracted in ethanol by maceration method, then extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction method using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Hyperuricemic rat model was induced by administered potassium oxonate intraperitoneally. The activity of these fractions on XO inhibitory was determined by measuring the uric acid formation using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method after incubating with XO.   Results: The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduce the uric level by 32.0 and 28.0% respectively compared to uric acid level of hyperuricemic group at one hour after drug administration (p &lt; 0.05). On XO inhibitory activity test, only n-hexane fraction exhibited XO inhibitory activity with IC50 541.76 µg/ml. Conclusion: The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions from ethanolic leaves extract of S.burahol had antihiperuricemic activity, but less inhibitor effect on XO activity. Keywords: Stelechocarpus burahol, liquid-liquid extraction, antihyperuricemic, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activityÂ

ANTIHYPERURICEMIC ACTIVITY OF FOUR PLANTS ANNONACEAE USING HYPERURICEMIC RATS MODEL AND ENZYME ASSAY

Objective: The aim of the research is to study the antihyperuricemic activity of Annona muricata L, Annona squamosa L, Annona reticulata L, andStelechocarpus burahol (Bl.) Hook. F. &amp; Th. (Annonaceae).Methods: The dried powdered leaves were extracted using ethanol by maceration method. The ethanolic extracts of four plants were administeredorally to potassium oxonate-induced rats. Serum samples were collected from rats at the 1st to 3 hr after drug administration. Enzyme assay was doneby xanthine oxidase (XO). The XO inhibitory activity was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the degree of enzyme inhibition was determinedby measuring the absorbance of uric acid formation.rdResults: The result of this study revealed that all of the ethanolic extracts had a significant effect on hyperuricemic rats, and S. burahol extractdecreased uric acid level was equal to level normal control. However, the antihyperuricemic activity was not parallel with XO inhibitor activity whichshowed weak activity with IC50 of A. reticulata was 171.73 µg/ml, while IC502 of A. muricata, A. squamosa, and S. burahol more than 200 µg/ml.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of S. burahol was more potential than three other extracts in decreasing in uric acid levels. The results scientificallyconfirmed that S. burahol can be developed as potential antihyperuricemic agents.Keywords: Antihyperuricemia, Annona muricata, Annona squamosa, Annona reticulata, Stelechocarpus burahol, Potassium oxonate, Xanthine oxidase

Is it worth closing the atrial septal defect in patients with insignificant shunt?

Introduction: Closure of the atrial septal defect in patients with insignificant shunt is controversial. Aim: To evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in symptomatic patients with borderline shunt. Material and methods: One hundred and sixty patients (120 female, 40 male) with a mean age of 30.1 ±16.2 (20–52) years with a small ASD who underwent transcatheter closure were analyzed. All patients had a small ASD with Qp : Qs ratio ≤ 1.5, mean 1.2 ±0.9 (1.1–1.5) in echo examination. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests, clinical study, transthoracic echocardiographic study as well as quality of life (QoL) (measured using the SF36 questionnaire (SF36q)) were repeated in all patients before and after the procedure. Results: The devices were successfully implanted in all patients. After 12 months of ASD closure, all the patients showed a significant improvement of exercise capacity (oxygen consumption – 21.9 ±3.1 vs. 30.4 ±7.7, p > 0.001). The QoL improved in 7 parameters at 12-month follow-up. The mean SF36q scale increased significantly in 141 (88.1%) patients of mean 43.2 ±20.1 (7–69). A significant decrease of the right ventricular area (20.3 ±1.3 cm2 vs. 18.3 ±1.2 cm2, p < 0.001) and the right atrial area (15.2 ±1.9 cm2 vs. 12.0 ±1.6 cm2, p < 0.001) was observed at 12-month follow-up. Conclusions: Closure of ASD in the patients with insignificant shunt resulted in significant durable clinical and hemodynamic improvement after percutaneous treatment

О скоростях передачи данных на шинах между кеш-памятью второго и третьего уровней и между процессором и оперативной памятью в современных компьютерах

In this paper, a modern CPU architecture with several different cache levels is described, and current CPU performance limitations such as silicone physical limitations or frequency increase bounds are mentioned. As usual, changes of the currently existing architecture are proposed as a way of increasing CPU performance, data rates on the internal and external CPU interfaces must be known. It would help to assess applicability of proposed solutions and allow to optimize them. This paper is aimed at getting real values of traffic on L2-L3 cache interface inside CPU and CPU-RAM bus load as well as show dependencies of total traffic on the interfaces of interest on the number of active cores, CPU frequency and test type. Measurements methodology using Intel Performance Counter Monitor by Intel is provided and equations that allow to get data rates from internal CPU counters are explained. Both real life and synthetic tests are described. Dependency of total traffic on the number of active cores and dependency of total traffic on CPU frequency are provided as plots. Dependency of total traffic on test type provided as bar plot for multiple CPU frequencies.В данной работе рассматривается архитектура используемых в настоящее время центральных процессоров и ограничения их производительности в современном виде. Так как чаще всего для повышения производительности центральных процессоров предлагаются решения, связанные с изменением существующей архитектуры, необходимо иметь представление о скоростях передачи данных внутри процессора и на шинах, подходящих к нему. Это позволит оценить применимость предлагаемых решений и даст возможность их оптимизировать. В этой статье решается задача измерения реальных скоростей передачи данных на интерфейсе между кеш-памятью второго и третьего уровней внутри процессора и на интерфейсе между процессором и оперативной памятью, а также изучения зависимости численных результатов от количества активных ядер, тактовой частоты процессора и типа проводимого теста. В статье приводится методология проведения измерений с помощью программного инструмента Intel Performance Counter Monitor от компании Intel, а также приводятся формулы для получения итогового результата из полученных в ходе измерений значений. Приведено подробное описание тестов, имитирующих реальную нагрузку на центральный процессор, и синтетических тестов. Зависимости скоростей передачи данных от количества активных ядер и от тактовой частоты процессора представлены в виде графиков. Зависимости скоростей передачи данных от типа теста представлены в виде столбиковых диаграмм для трех различных значений тактовой частоты процессора

Towards Semantic Web: Seamless integration of services and devices for the FRUCT community

Semantic Web presents a generalized approach of applications and services integration that enables direct communication between different entities without any user interaction. Besides obvious advantages of Semantic Web usage, not all of proposed methods can work in a highly-diverse heterogeneous environment, the community or company intranet system usually looks like. In this paper we focus on FRUCT community online services integration under Semantic Web paradigm, aiming to provide an applicability assessment of particular service-to-service communication methods. Also we investigate the Semantic Web usefulness for Machine-to-Machine and Machine-to-Service communications, aiming to proceed with secure and convenient way of user authentication to a number of services. Finally, we conclude and highlight possible research issues that have to be solved during the evolution of Semantic Web